The literature behind each compound
Every profile sets out what the compound does at a mechanistic level, where it sits in the research pipeline, and the papers that support each statement. Citations link straight to PubMed or the publisher — check them yourself.
BPC-157
A synthetic 15-amino-acid sequence derived from a protein found in gastric juice. Studied extensively in rodent models of tendon, ligament and gut injury, with no completed human approval pathway.
Bremelanotide (PT-141)
A cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist approved by the FDA (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Included here as a reference profile only.
CJC-1295 (with DAC)
A long-acting GHRH analogue bearing an albumin-binding linker, extending half-life from minutes to days. Reached early human trials; development discontinued. Prohibited in sport.
Epithalon
A synthetic pineal tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) studied for effects on telomerase expression. Evidence is in vitro and rodent only, and originates largely from one research group.
GHK-Cu
The copper(II) complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine, known by the INN prezatide copper acetate. Widely used as a cosmetic ingredient; studied in wound-healing models.
Ipamorelin
A selective pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue acting at the ghrelin receptor. Notable for releasing GH without the ACTH and cortisol rise seen with earlier GHRPs. Reached phase 2 trials; development discontinued.
MOTS-c
A 16-residue peptide encoded within mitochondrial 12S rRNA. Studied as a regulator of metabolic homeostasis via AMPK, and as a mitochondrial-to-nuclear signalling molecule.
Semaglutide
An acylated GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Included here as a reference profile only.
TB-500
An acetylated fragment of thymosin beta-4 corresponding to residues 17–23. Chemically distinct from full-length thymosin beta-4, a distinction routinely blurred in this industry.
Tesamorelin
A synthetic GHRH analogue approved by the FDA (Egrifta) for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Included here as a reference profile only.
Thymosin Alpha-1
An endogenous 28-residue thymic peptide (INN thymalfasin) acting as a Toll-like receptor agonist. Studied in sepsis and chronic hepatitis B in large randomised trials. Not FDA-approved.
Tirzepatide
A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Included here as a reference profile only.